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Introduction

Back to: RPC | RPL | PPL

Previous Lesson
The CASA RPC RPL PPL Exam Information
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Aims and Objectives

Lessons

  • Getting Started
    • The CASA RPC RPL PPL Exam Information
  • PPL Aerodynamics
    • Introduction
    • Aims and Objectives
    • Wings
    • Leading Edge Radius/Thickness to Chord Ratio
    • Wing Washout
    • Wing span and Wing Area
    • Aspect Ratio
    • Tapered and Swept Back Wings
    • Dihedral / Anhedral
    • Wing Loading
    • Lift and Drag
    • Aerodynamic Forces on a wing
    • Static and Dynamic Pressure
    • Bernoulli’s Principle 
    • Pressure Distribution over a Wing
    • The Lift Formula
    • Varying Lift
    • Total Drag
    • Parasite Drag
    • Parasite Drag vs. Airspeed
    • Induced Drag
    • Induced Drag vs Airspeed
    • Induced Drag and Aspect Ratio
    • Wing washout and Induced Drag
    • Winglets
    • Ground Effect
    • Total Drag vs. Airspeed
    • Lift/Drag Ratio
    • Boundary Layer
    • Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer
    • Separated Boundary Layer
    • Airspeed
    • V Speeds
    • Flight Controls
    • The Primary Effect of the Ailerons
    • The Secondary Effect of the Ailerons
    • The Primary Effect of the Elevator
    • The Secondary Effect of the Elevator
    • The Primary Effect of the Rudder
    • The Secondary Effect of the Rudder
    • Control Effectiveness
    • The Effect of Power
    • Slipstream Effect
    • Flight Controls (Broken Down)
    • Taxi, Take-off and Landing
    • Weather cocking
    • Slipstream Effect
    • Torque Effect
    • Asymmetric Blade Effect
    • Gyroscopic Precession
    • Take-Off
    • Landing
    • Flapless Landing
    • Wheel barrowing
    • Wind shear on Take-Off
    • Wind shear on Approach
    • Straight and Level
    • Forces in Straight and Level
    • Forces in Straight and Level Simplified
    • Angle of Attack vs. Airspeed
    • Thrust Required and Thrust Available
    • Power Required and Power Available
    • Drag and Power Curves and Best Range
    • Maximum Endurance and the Power Curve
    • Region of Reverse Command
    • Climbing
    • Forces in a Climb
    • Types of Climb
    • Angle of Climb
    • Rate of Climb
    • The Effect of Wind on Climbing
    • Factor Affecting Climbing
    • Descending
    • Forces in a Descent
    • Forces in a Glide Descent
    • Effect of Thrust on a Descent
    • Best L/D Ratio and Descending
    • Effect of Weight
    • Effect of Wind
    • Effect of Flap
    • Turning
    • Centripetal Force
    • Forces in a turn
    • Forces in a turn – Load Factor
    • Stall Speed Calculation
    • Balance
    • Adverse Aileron Yaw
    • Rate and Radius of Turn
    • Effect of increased TAS on Turn Performance
    • Effect of increased Angle of Bank on Turn Performance
    • Overbank
    • Illusion of Turn with Wind Close to the Ground
    • Stalls, Spins and Spiral Dives
    • What is a stall?
    • Boundary Layer and the Stall
    • Calculating the Straight and Level Stall Speed
    • CL AND CD Curves 
    • Effect of power on the stall
    • Effect of Flap on the stall
    • Effect of Weight and Load Factor on Stall Speed
    • Effect of Frost, Ice and Damage on Stall Speed
    • Symptoms of a Stall
    • Recovery from a Stall
    • Spins vs. Spiral Dives
    • Lift Augmentation
    • Reasons
    • Principle of Flap Operation
    • Purpose of Flaps
    • Effect of Flap on Pitching Moments
    • Design Features
    • Trim Tab
    • Fixed Trim Tab
    • Mass Balance
    • Stability
    • Definition
    • Dynamic Stability
    • Terminology
    • Lateral Stability – Dihedral 
    • Lateral Stability – High Wing vs. Low Wing  
    • Turbulence
    • Vortices
    • Take-off and Landing
    • Helicopters and Wake Turbulence
    • Thrust Stream Turbulence
  • PPL Aircraft General Knowledge
    • Aims and Objectives
    • Engines
    • Light Aircraft Engine
    • Engine Components
    • Bearings
    • Engine Components
    • 4 Stroke Otto Cycle – Induction Stroke
    • 4 Stroke Otto Cycle – Compression Stroke
    • 4  Stroke Otto Cycle – Power Stroke
    • 4 Stroke Otto Cycle – Exhaust Stroke
    • Camshaft and Crankshaft
    • Performance Considerations
    • Power
    • Volumetric Efficiency 
    • Volumetric Efficiency – Throttle and RPM 
    • Volumetric Efficiency – Temperature
    • Thermal Efficiency 
    • Compression Ratio
    • Stroke and Throw
    • Swept and Un-swept Volume
    • Compression Ratio 
    • Summary of Power Output
    • Types of Engines
    • Maximum Continuous Power
    • Engine Power and Ambient Conditions
    • Ignition Systems
    • Ignition System – Dual Ignition
    • Magnetos – Dual Ignition
    • Ignition System – Magnetos
    • Impulse Coupling
    • Ignition Timing
    • Fuel Systems
    • Fuel Vents
    • Fuel Systems – Vents
    • Fuel Systems – Water Contaminants
    • Fuel Systems – Pressure Systems
    • Fuel Vaporization
    • Fuel Vaporisation – Boost Pump
    • Carburettor – Main Components
    • The Carburettor
    • Carburettor Summary
    • Fuel Injection – Main Components
    • Fuel Injection Summary
    • Oil Systems
    • Oil System Summary
    • Lubrication
    • Components
    • Wet Sump
    • Dry Sump
    • Engine Lubrication
    • Viscosity
    • Engine Lubrication
    • Oil Pressure
    • Ashless Dispersant
    • Straight Mineral Oil
    • Exhaust and Cooling
    • Exhaust
    • Smoke Colour
    • Engine Cooling
    • Engine Cooling – Cowl Flaps
    • Engine Controls and Handling
    • AVGAS
    • AVTUR and MOGAS
    • Mixture
    • Mixture (Backfire)
    • Mixture Control
    • Full throttle height
    • Detonation
    • Pre-Ignition
    • Engine Overspeed
    • Propellers
    • Propeller Forces
    • Angle of Attack and Helix Angle
    • Fixed Pitch Propeller
    • Fixed Pitch Propeller and change in RPM
    • Fixed Pitch Propeller and change in TAS
    • Fixed Pitch Propeller – RPM vs TAS
    • Torque / Thrust Ratio
    • Torque and Thrust
    • Propeller Blade Twist
    • Propeller Efficiency
    • Engine Torque vs. Propeller Torque
    • Constant Speed Units
    • Different Blade Angles
    • Changing Propeller Pitch
    • The CSU and the Governor
    • Counterweights
    • Manifold Pressure
    • Fully Fine Position
    • Engine Power and CSU
    • Carburettor Icing and MP/CSU
    • Prop Overspeed
    • MP and RPM
    • Supercharging
    • Density
    • Naturally Aspirated Engines
    • Compressing
    • Ground Boosting
    • Altitude Boosting
    • Terminology
    • Gear Driven Supercharger
    • Turbo charging
    • Waste gates
    • Cockpit Adjustable Waste gates
    • Throttle Operated Waste gates
    • Automatic Waste gates
    • Handling Techniques
    • Icing
    • Impact Icing
    • Carburettor Ice
    • Carburettor Heat
    • Carburettor Heat Application
    • Carburettor Heat – Probability Chart
    • The Electrical System
    • Components
    • The Battery
    • Battery Cells
    • Battery Capacity
    • Lead Acid Batteries
    • Alkaline Batteries
    • Alternators
    • Circuits
    • Earth Return
    • During Starting
    • The Bus Bar
    • Centre Zero Ammeter
    • Left Zero Ammeter (Load Type Ammeter)
    • Ammeter Readings
    • Voltmeters
    • Battery Master Switch
    • Fuses
    • Circuit Breakers
    • Relays and Solenoids
    • External Power Receptacle
    • Hydraulic Systems
    • Hydraulics uses
    • Hydraulics
    • Hydraulic Fluid Properties
    • Hydraulics
    • A Typical Hydraulics System
    • Hydraulic System Components
    • Hydraulic System Faults
    • Toe Brakes
    • Undercarriage
    • General
    • Tricycle or Tailwheel
    • Basic Undercarriage
    • Types
    • Shock Struts
    • Nose Wheels
    • Shimmy
    • Retractable Undercarriage
    • Stall Warning Systems
    • Stall Warning
    • Flight Instruments
    • Pressure
    • Pitot Tube and Static Port
    • The Altimeter
    • The Airspeed Indicator
    • The Vertical Speed Indicator
    • Airspeeds Limitations
    • Types of Airspeeds
    • PUDSUC
    • Instrument Error Summary
    • Altimeter – QNH set too Low
    • Altimeter – QNH set too High
    • Gyroscopes
    • Types of Gyroscopes
    • Gyroscopic Instruments
    • The Artificial Horizon
    • The Directional Gyro
    • The Turn Bank Coordinator
    • Vacuum-Driven Gyroscopes
    • Electrically-Driven Gyroscopes
    • Gyroscopes – Advantages and Disadvantages
    • The Earths Magnetic Field
    • The Magnetic Compass
    • Minimising magnetic dip
    • S.A.N.D
    • Turning Errors
    • O.N.U.S.
    • Fire Detection
    • The Fire Triangle
    • Fire Protection
    • Autopilots
    • Autopilot – Purpose
    • Autopilot – Functions
    • Autopilot – Types of Autopilot
    • Autopilot – Single Axis
    • Wing Levellers and Heading Mode
    • Autopilot – Two Axis
    • Autopilot – Three Axis
    • The Three Element of the Autopilot
    • Autopilot – Outer Loop
    • Cut-off Mechanism
  • PPL Human Factors
    • Aims and Objectives
    • Basic Health and Fitness
    • Medicals
    • Diet and Exercise
    • Coronary Heart Disease
    • Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
    • Food poisoning
    • Headaches/Migraines
    • Ageing and Pregnancy
    • Blood Donations
    • Emotional Considerations
    • Alcohol
    • Effects, absorption, removal
    • Drugs
    • Types
    • The Atmosphere 
    • Hyperventilation
    • The Body’s Oxygen Requirements
    • Hypoxia
    • Susceptibility to Hypoxia
    • Carbon Monoxide Poison
    • Diving
    • The Ear
    • The Eustachian Tube
    • The Vestibular Apparatus
    • Noise Exposure
    • The Eye
    • The Retina
    • Types of Vision
    • Visual Acuity
    • Eye Problems
    • The Blind Spot
    • Scanning Techniques
    • Mid Air Collision
    • Sensory Illusions
    • Disorientation
    • Spatial Orientation
    • The Vestibular Apparatus
    • The Leans
    • Coriolis Effect
    • Graveyard Spin
    • Somatogravic/Pitch Up Illusion
    • Somatogravic Illusion/Acceleration
    • Pitch Down Illusion
    • Pitch Down Illusion/Deceleration
    • False Horizon
    • Auto Kinesis/Empty Field Myopia
    • Overcoming spatial disorientation
    • Windscreen
    • Runway Illusions
    • Motion Sickness
    • G Forces
    • Effects of G Forces
    • G Loads
    • G Forces
    • Factors Affecting G Loads
    • Negative G
    • Stress and Fatigue
    • Stress
    • Indicators of Stress
    • Decision Making and Concept of Stress
    • Stress Management
    • Fatigue
    • Decision Making
    • Memory
    • Attention
    • Personality
    • Hazardous Attitudes
    • Other factors that affect decision making
    • Mind Set
    • False Hypothesis
    • Cockpit Ergonomics
    • Basic Ergonomics
    • Safety Harnesses
    • Design Eye Position
    • Threat and Error Management
    • Basic Principles
    • Types of Threats
    • Managing Threats
    • Examples
    • Types of Errors
    • Countermeasures
    • Undesired Aircraft State
    • Examples
    • Priorities 
    • Differentiation
  • PPL Meteorology
    • Aims and Objectives
    • Global Meteorology
    • Composition of the Atmosphere
    • International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
    • Heating of the Atmosphere
    • Convection in the Troposphere
    • Divisions of the Atmosphere
    • Cell Overview
    • Atmospheric Pressure
    • Differential Heating of the Earth
    • Measuring Temperature
    • Synoptic Charts And Winds
    • Why wind blows?
    • No Coriolis Effect?
    • Coriolis Effect
    • Global Winds
    • The Gradient Wind
    • Geostrophic Winds
    • Cyclones and Anticyclones
    • Ridges and Cols
    • Troughs
    • Summer
    • Winter
    • Buys Ballot’s Law
    • Surface Winds
    • Backing and Veering
    • Surface Winds
    • Sea Breeze
    • Land Breeze
    • Gusts and Squalls
    • Diurnal Variation of Winds
    • Stability
    • Water
    • Humidity
    • Stability
    • Adiabatic Cooling
    • Adiabatic Heating
    • Inversion Layers
    • Inversions
    • Radiation (Surface) inversions
    • Clouds
    • Cloud Formation
    • Convection/Orographic Lifting/Frontal Lifting
    • Convergence/Turbulence/Latitudinal Heating
    • Cloud Dissipation
    • Types of Clouds
    • Cirrus – High Level Cloud (Ci)
    • Cirrocumulus – High Level Cloud (Cc)
    • Cirrostratus – High Level Cloud (Cs)
    • Altocumulus – Medium Level Cloud (Ac)
    • Altostratus– Medium Level Cloud (As)
    • Nimbostratus – Low Level Cloud (Ns)
    • Stratocumulus – Low Level Cloud (Sc)
    • Stratus – Low Level Cloud (St)
    • Cumulus – Low Level Cloud (Cu)
    • Cumulonimbus – Low Level Cloud (Cb)
    • Fronts
    • Definitions
    • Backing of wind with the passing of a Cold Front
    • Passage of a warm front
    • Passage of a cold front
    • The Occluded Front
    • Summary
    • Fog
    • Formation of Fog
    • Dissipation of Fog
    • Advection Fog
    • Mountain or Standing Waves
    • Necessary Conditions
    • Pilot Actions
    • Icing
    • Frost
    • Pilot Actions
    • Thunderstorms
    • Thunderstorm Formation
    • Stages of a Thunderstorm
    • Thunderstorm Hazards
    • Microburst’s, Tornadoes, Dust Storms
    • Useful Definitions For Weather
    • Operational Meteorology 
    • Overview
    • Types of Information
    • Meteorology Requirements
    • Decoding Weather
    • Cloud Amount
    • Thunderstorms
    • Visibility
    • Weather
    • CAVOK
    • Wind
    • FM and BECMG
    • TEMPO’S, INTER’s and PROB
    • GAF/GPWT
    • GAF
    • Graphical Area Forecast example of NSW – East
    • QLD-S GAF 
    • GAF Time Issued
    • GAF Sub Area
    • Critical Locations
    • Grid Point Wind Temperature 
    • SIGMET/AIRMET/ AIREP
    • SIGMET
    • SIGMET/AIRMET
    • AIRMET
    • AIREP
    • TAF
    • TAF’s
    • FM Periods
    • INTER’s and TEMPO’s
    • PROB’s
    • Forecast QNH and Temperatures
    • METAR/SPECI/TAF3
    • METAR’s
    • AUTO
    • METAR Example
    • METAR/SPECI Examples
    • TAF3
    • Radio Forecasts and Reports
    • ATIS
    • AWIS
    • VOLMET
    • Alternates
    • Alternate Requirements
  • PPL Performance
    • Aims and Objectives
    • Airworthiness
    • POH and Flight Manual
    • Approved maintenance 
    • Required Maintenance
    • Maintenance Release Part 1
    • Maintenance Release Part 2
    • Maintenance Release Part 3
    • Density, Pressure and Performance
    • Air Density
    • Pressure Height
    • ISA Temperature
    • ISA Deviation
    • Density Height
    • Declared Density Height
    • Take-off and Landing Charts
    • Take-off
    • Landing
    • Effects on TODR/LDR
    •  Take-off Chart
    •  Landing Chart
    • Airspeed Limitations
    • Aeroplane Landing Areas
    • ALA’S
    • Take-off splays
    • Take-off Splay Question
    • Weight and Balance
    • Centre of Gravity
    • CASA Loading Charts
    • Alpha Chart
    • Bravo Chart
    • Charlie Chart
    • Summary
    • Fuel and Endurance
    • Fuel Requirement 
    • Fuel Requirement Safe Endurance
    • Holding and Alternates
    • Fuel Requirement Question
    • Point of No Return (PNR)
    • Basics
    • PNR and Safe Endurance 
    • PNR
    • PNR Effect of Wind
    • PNR Formula
    • PNR Example
    • Equal – Time Point (ETP) OR Critical Point
    • Critical Point
    • ETP
    • ETP Formula
    • ETP Work Example
    • Time to ETP 
  • PPL Navigation
    • Before Starting
    • Aims and Objectives
    • Charts
    • Types of Charts
    • Visual Charts
    • VCA 
    • Questions
    • The ERSA
    • Over Fly Height and Circuit Height
    • ERSA Decode
    • ALA Decode
    • Aerodrome Decode Examples
    • Danger, Restricted and Prohibited Area Decode Examples
    • Latitude and Longitude
    • Direction
    • Rhumb Lines and Great Circles
    • Direction
    • The Earth’s Magnetic Field
    • Magnetic Variation
    • Converting True to Magnetic
    • Magnetic Deviation
    • Direction Summary
    • Magnetic Variation Examples
    • Distance
    • Track and Distance Flight Plan Example
    • Speed
    • Types of Airspeed
    • Calculating TAS – Jeppesen CR Whiz Wheel
    • Calculating TAS – E6-B Whiz Wheel
    • Groundspeed
    • Calculating TAS Example
    • Estimated Time Interval
    • ETI Triangle
    • Estimated Time Interval Example
    • Estimated Time Interval Mental Math
    • Groundspeed Problems
    • Vertical Navigation
    • Selecting Altitudes
    • Selecting Altitudes Example
    • Altitude Selection Flight Plan Example
    • Climbing Questions
    • Descending Questions
    • TOD Flight Planning Example
    • Navigation
    • Wind and Navigation
    • Drift
    • Calculating HDG/Ground Speed – Jeppesen CR Whiz Wheel
    • Calculating HDG/Ground Speed – E6-B Whiz Wheel
    • HDG/Groundspeed Example
    • Wind, Groundspeed and ETI Flight Plan Example
    • Wind/HDG/Groundspeed/ETI Flight Plan Example
    • Fuel Calculations
    • Fuel Required
    • Fuel Planning
    • Flight Fuel Triangle
    • Fuel Planning Example
    • Flight Fuel Example
    • Example Fuel Plan
    • 1 in 60 Rule And Other Math Questions
    • Late Problems
    • 1 in 60 Basics
    • 1 in 60 Basics Example
    • 1 in 60 Rules and the Whiz Wheel
    • 1 in 60 and Time
    • 1 in 60 in Flight Example
    • Revised ETA In flight example
    • Navigation Aids
    • The NDB – Non Directional Beacon
    • The NDB Range
    • The ADF
    • NDB Errors
    • Radials
    • ADF Orientation
    • HATs
    • Homing using the ADF
    • Holding off Drift
    • The VOR – Very High Frequency Omni Directional Range
    • VOR Range
    • VOR Errors
    • TO and FM
    • VOR Orientation
    • Out of Command
    • Time
    • Time Format
    • UTC
    • Beginning and End of Daylight
    • Effects on the amount of Sunlight
    • Arc to Time Calculations
    • BOD Calculations
    • EOD Calculations
    • EOD/BOD Examples
    • EOD Problem
    • Flight Plan Example
    • Track and Distance Flight Plan Example
    • Fuel Plan Example
  • PPL Law
    • Aims and Objectives
    • Student Pilot Licence
    • Recreational Pilot Licence
    • What is a Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL?)
    • What endorsements can be added to a RPL?
    • What limitations apply to the holder of an RPL?
    • What if you hold an RPC and want an RPL?
    • RPL – How many passengers can you carry?
    • Recreational Pilot Certificate (RPC)
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) Flying solo.
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) recency student requirements.
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) log books.
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) recency requirements for PAX.
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) can you operate a radio?
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) medical certificate.
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) Drugs and alcohol.
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) smoking in an aircraft.
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) Take-off Separation.
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) Wind direction indicators.
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) Navigation endorsement.
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) Passengers.
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) Controls and security.
    • Recreational Pilot Licence (RPL) No passengers allowed.
    • Private Pilot Licence (PPL)
    • Private Pilot Licence authorised actions / review / recency.
    • Private Pilot Licence – Personal Logbooks
    • Private Pilot Licence – Production of documents
    • PPL Private Operations
    • PPL Carriage of persons
    • PPL Smoking in aircraft
    • PPL Documents to be carried
    • PPL Carriage of animals
    • PPL Firearms
    • PPL Checking fuel and oils
    • PPL Refuelling Location
    • PPL Passengers on board during refuelling
    • PPL Safety Precautions during fuelling operations
    • PPL Smoking near refuelling operations
    • PPL Fire hazard
    • PPL Starting and running of engines
    • PPL Manipulation of propeller
    • PPL Aircraft not to be taxied except by pilot
    • PPL Pilots at controls
    • PPL Seating and Seat belts
    • PPL Listening watch
    • PPL Movement on manoeuvring area
    • PPL Safety precautions before take-off
    • PPL Tests before and during the take-off run
    • PPL Pre-flight altimeter check
    • PPL Meteorological conditions observed en route
    • PPL Navigation logs
    • PPL Acrobatic flight
    • PPL Flying over public gatherings
    • PPL Low flying
    • PPL Low flying – Recent experience
    • PPL Reporting of failures, malfunctions and defects
    • PPL Accidents and incidents
    • PPL Mandatory reporting – immediately reportable matters (IRM)
    • PPL Mandatory reporting – routinely reportable matters (RRM)
    • PPL Radio Telephony Procedures
    • PPL Format and Read-back requirements
    • PPL Phonetic alphabet
    • PPL Numerals 
    • PPL Transmission of numbers 
    • PPL Standard words and phrases
    • PPL Overtaking other aircraft
    • PPL Right of way
    • PPL See and avoid
    • PPL Day VFR equipment
    • PPL Night VFR equipment
    • PPL Serviceability of equipment
    • PPL Navigation of VFR aircraft
    • PPL Time and Track keeping
    • PPL Avoiding controlled airspace
    • PPL Prohibited, restricted and danger areas
    • PPL Formation flying
    • PPL Aircraft speeds
    • PPL Non-controlled aerodromes
    • PPL Controlled aerodromes
    • PPL Emergency landings
    • PPL Mercy flights
    • PPL Circuit height
    • PPL Light and ground signals
    • PPL Displaced threshold
    • PPL Radar Transponders
    • PPL Standard Transponder Codes
    • PPL Radar Transponders – Important points
    • PPL Classes of airspace
    • PPL VFR altimetry
    • PPL VFR (Visual Flight Rules) and Special VFR
    • PPL Visibility and Aerodrome meteorological minima
    • PPL Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) – Class C 
    • PPL Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) – Class D 
    • PPL Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) – Class E 
    • PPL Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) – Class G 
    • PPL CTAF
    • PPL Radiotelephony requirements
    • PPL Radiotelephony requirements outside controlled airspace
    • PPL Radiotelephony requirements multiple stations
    • PPL Radiotelephony readback requirements
    • PPL Standard format and Variety of callsigns used
    • PPL Interpilot air-to-air communication
    • PPL CTAF procedures
    • PPL Radio requirements certified and military aerodromes
    • PPL Airmanship
    • PPL Circuit procedures and heights
    • PPL Arrival Procedure
    • PPL Straight in approaches
    • PPL Joining on base leg
    • PPL Taxi after landing and Transiting flights
    • PPL Radio unserviceability
    • PPL Hazards
    • PPL Hazards – Take-off and landing separation
    • PPL Hazards – Collision avoidance
    • PPL SARWATCH and SARTIME
    • PPL Cruising Level Requirements
    • PPL Cruising Level Requirements – Lanes of Entry
    • PPL Cruising Level Requirements
    • PPL Navigation Position Fixing
    • PPL Navigation Position Fixing – Track Keeping & Nav Aids
    • PPL Controlled Airspace
    • PPL Controlled Airspace – Clearances for entry into CTA
    • PPL Gliding operations
    • PPL Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ)
    • PPL Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) Interception
    • PPL Air Defence Identification Zone (ADIZ) Interception signals
    • PPL Flights over water
    • PPL Flights over water – safety equipment
    • PPL Flights over water – Life rafts
    • PPL Flights over water – Signalling and survival equipment
    • PPL Designated Remote Areas
    • PPL Briefing of passengers
    • PPL Solo flight with dual controls
    • PPL Security of doors and hatches
    • PPL Distress beacon carriage requirements
    • PPL Emergency signals
    • PPL Communication Failure
    • PPL Communication Failure – Light Signals
    • PPL Communication and Navaid Failure
    • PPL Mercy flights
  • RPC | BAK Radio Exams
    • RPC | BAK Radio Exam 1
    • RPC | BAK Radio Exam 2
    • RPC | BAK Radio Exam 3
    • RPC | BAK Radio Exam 4
    • RPC | BAK Radio Exam 5
    • RPC | BAK Radio Exam 6
  • RPC | BAK Law Exams
    • RPC | BAK Law Exam 1
    • RPC | BAK Law Exam 2
  • BAK | RPC Practice Exams
    • BAK Practice Exam 1
    • BAK Practice Exam 2
    • BAK Practice Exam 3
    • BAK Practice Exam 4
    • BAK Practice Exam 5
    • BAK Practice Exam 6
    • BAK Practice Exam 7
    • BAK Practice Exam 8
    • BAK Practice Exam 9
    • BAK Practice Exam 10
    • BAK Practice Exam 11
    • BAK Practice Exam 12
    • BAK Practice Exam 13
    • BAK Practice Exam 14
    • BAK Practice Exam 15
  • RPC | RPL | PPL Practice Exams
    • PPL Free Practice Exam
    • Practice Exam 2 (English and Radio)
    • Practice Exam 3 (English and Radio)
    • Practice Exam 4 (English and Radio Emergencies)
    • Practice Exam 5 (Aerodynamics)
    • Practice Exam 6 (Aerodynamics)
    • Practice Exam 7 (Performance – Units of measurement)
    • Practice Exam 8 (Aerodynamics)
    • Practice Exam 9 (Aerodynamics – Stalls)
    • Practice Exam 10 (Aerodynamics – Drag)
    • Practice Exam 11 (Aerodynamics – Drag)
    • Practice Exam 12 (Aerodynamics – Drag)
    • Practice Exam 13 (Aerodynamics – Design features)
    • Practice Exam 14 (Aerodynamics – Ground handling)
    • Practice Exam 15 (Aerodynamics – Thrust and speed)
    • Practice Exam 16 (Aerodynamics – Wind and flaps)
    • Practice Exam 17 (Performance)
    • Practice Exam 18 (Performance – Wind, glide and weight)
    • Practice Exam 19 (Performance – Wind shear)
    • Practice Exam 20 (Aerodynamics / Performance – Height Vs Speed)
    • Practice Exam 21 (Performance – Find TAS and GS)
    • Practice Exam 22 (Aerodynamics – Turns, Stalling, Load Factor)
    • Practice Exam 23 (Aerodynamics – Turns)
    • Practice Exam 24 (Aerodynamics – Illusions and Stalls)
    • Practice Exam 25 (Aerodynamics – Spins and Wake Turbulence)
    • Practice Exam 26 (Aircraft General Knowledge – Engines and Carburettors)
    • Practice Exam 27 (Aircraft General Knowledge – Fuel systems)
    • Practice Exam 28 (Aircraft General Knowledge – Fuel systems)
    • Practice Exam 29 (Aircraft General Knowledge – Engines)
    • Practice Exam 30 (Aircraft General Knowledge – Fuel and Fuel systems)
    • Practice Exam 31 (Aircraft General Knowledge – Oil)
    • Practice Exam 32 (Aircraft General Knowledge – Propeller and Magnetos)
    • Practice Exam 33 (Aircraft General Knowledge – Alternator and Battery)
    • Practice Exam 34 (Aircraft General Knowledge – Electrical and Flight Equipment)
    • Practice Exam 35 (Aircraft General Knowledge – The Airspeed Indicator)
    • Practice Exam 36 (Aircraft General Knowledge – Flight Equipment and Compass)
    • Practice Exam 37 (Performance – Density and Heights)
    • Practice Exam 38 (Performance – Find the pressure height)
    • Practice Exam 39 (Performance – Find the ISA Temperature)
    • Practice Exam 40 (Performance – Find the ISA Deviation)
    • Practice Exam 41 (Performance – Find the Density Height)
    • Practice Exam 42 (Performance – Take-Off Weight Chart)
    • Practice Exam 43 (Performance – Loading System Bravo)
    • Practice Exam 44 (Human Factors)
    • Practice Exam 45 (Human Factors – Medicals)
    • Practice Exam 46 (Human Factors)
    • Practice Exam 47 (Human Factors – The Ear)
    • Practice Exam 48 (Human Factors – The Eyes)
    • Practice Exam 49 (Human Factors – Illusions)
    • Practice Exam 50 (Human Factors – G Loads and Carbon Monoxide)
    • Practice Exam 51 (Human Factors – Night Vision and Hypoxia)
    • Practice Exam 52 (Human Factors – Stress and Transmeridian Dyschronism (Jet Lag))
    • Practice Exam 53 (Human Factors – Threat and Error Management)
    • Practice Exam 54 (Human Factors – Threat and Error Management)
    • Practice Exam 55 (Law – Student Pilots and Medicals)
    • Practice Exam 56 (Law – Circuits)
    • Practice Exam 57 (Law – General – Cloud Separation – Life Jackets)
    • Practice Exam 58 (Law – Navigation Law)
    • Practice Exam 59 (Law – General)
    • Practice Exam 60 (Navigation)
    • Practice Exam 61 (Navigation)
    • Practice Exam 62 (Navigation – Grid Point Wind Chart and Wind Strengths)
    • Practice Exam 63 (Navigation – Time, Dates and Beginning of day)
    • Practice Exam 64 (Navigation – Time, Dates and End of day)
    • Practice Exam 65 (Navigation – ADIZ)
    • Practice Exam 66 (Navigation – In flight navigation)
    • Practice Exam 67 (Navigation – Calculate fuel required)
    • Practice Exam 68 (Meteorology – Clouds)
    • Practice Exam 69 (Meteorology – Fog and Frost)
    • Practice Exam 70 (Meteorology – Clouds and Thunderstorms)
    • Practice Exam 71 (Meteorology – General met and the troposphere)
    • Practice Exam 72 (Meteorology – Synoptic Chart)
    • Practice Exam 73 (Meteorology – Wind)
    • Practice Exam 74 (Meteorology – General)
    • Practice Exam 75 (Meteorology – Reading a TAF)
    • Practice Exam 76 (Meteorology – Reading the weather in detail)
    • Practice Exam 77 (Performance – Loading system Charlie)
    • Practice Exam 78 (Performance – PPL Fuel Planning)
    • Practice Exam 79 (Navigation and Meteorology 1)
    • Practice Exam 80 (Navigation and Meteorology 2)
    • Practice Exam 81 (Navigation and Meteorology 3)
    • Practice Exam 82 (Navigation and Meteorology 4)
    • Practice Exam 83 (Navigation and Meteorology 5)
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