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Here are some new questions based on the new CASA fuel legislation brought in effect 08/11/2018.
It is important to note to read the question in the exam , what you may have been taught in books, your flight school or your instructor might be different than what the question is asking you.
Information regarding the new changes can be found here:
Remember – read the question!
- Are they asking for a particular holding time?
- Is an alternate required?
- Have they advised on the fixed reserve time required?
- Have they advised on the variable reserve time required (or is there one required by law)?
- Have they advised on any taxi fuel required?
- Have they advised if the aircraft has already taken off or requires fuel for taxi? (especially important if you are going to study CPL Performance in the future!)
- Have you taken into account ground speed, compared to indicated airspeed?
- Do you need to take into account calibrated airspeed?
- Does the aircraft have different speeds at different heights mentioned?
- Does the question have a different fuel usage for climb, cruise, decent and holding?
Important to note!!!
Variable fuel reserve
For a private operation of a small aeroplane (piston or turboprop) variable fuel reserve is not a legislative requirement *3
The pilot-in-command may choose to apply variable fuel reserve if they see fit, they may alternatively include this value as discretionary fuel, neither is compulsory.
The variable fuel reserve applicable to a charter or RPT piston aeroplane is the greatest of 10% of the trip fuel or 5 mins *4 (calculated at the holding rate).
Note: Variable Fuel Reserve calculation does not apply to alternate fuel, only to trip fuel.
*3 Civil Aviation (Fuel Requirements) Instrument 2018, 5(6) and Table 1 (Item 1 & Item 2)
*4 Civil Aviation (Fuel Requirements) Instrument 2018, 5(6) and Table 1 (Item 8)
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Question 1 of 10
1. Question
1 pointsIgnore climb and descent calculations with no weight and balance considerations.
You are planning to conduct a private flight to visit family 160 NM away.
Your flight planned track is 170°M with a 10 knot tail wind at 5500 feet.
Taxi allowance is 15 litres and cruise is 36 litres per hour.
Your planned TAS is 115 knots and the temperature is ISA conditions.
Rounding to the nearest whole number, what is the minimum fuel required in order to complete a return trip? (answer as a whole number)Correct
<table width="453"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="133"></td> <td width="64">Fuel</td> <td width="64">Minutes</td> <td width="64"></td> <td width="64">Fuel Flow</td> <td width="64">36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cruise</td> <td>42.6</td> <td>71.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Climb</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alt</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sub Total</td> <td>42.6</td> <td>71</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>VR</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>FR</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>30.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hold</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Taxi</td> <td>15.0</td> <td>25.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fuel Req</td> <td>75.6</td> <td>126.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>At 5500 feet the TAS of 115 knots is 126 + 10 knots of tailwind (take in account pressure height). So a total of 136 knots.</p> <p>136 knots @ 160NM is 71 minutes.</p> <p>VR is not required. FR is 30 minutes. Taxi is 15 ltrs (25 minutes’ worth)</p> <p>Rounding up 76 litres is the minimum fuel required.</p> <p>Pay attention to temperatures in a question like this, in a real test you might not be given a temperature in which you might not assume a pressure height. For example if you are “planning” a flight two weeks in advance, you might not know the actual temperature at that height, so you would go off just 115 knots, then again you wouldn’t know if you were also getting a tail wind! More than likely, if you required a pressure height a temperature will be given. 20°C at 5500 feet makes a big difference compared to 5°C!</p>
Incorrect
<table width="453"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="133"></td> <td width="64">Fuel</td> <td width="64">Minutes</td> <td width="64"></td> <td width="64">Fuel Flow</td> <td width="64">36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cruise</td> <td>42.6</td> <td>71.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Climb</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alt</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sub Total</td> <td>42.6</td> <td>71</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>VR</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>FR</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>30.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hold</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Taxi</td> <td>15.0</td> <td>25.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fuel Req</td> <td>75.6</td> <td>126.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>At 5500 feet the TAS of 115 knots is 126 + 10 knots of tailwind (take in account pressure height). So a total of 136 knots.</p> <p>136 knots @ 160NM is 71 minutes.</p> <p>VR is not required. FR is 30 minutes. Taxi is 15 ltrs (25 minutes’ worth)</p> <p>Rounding up 76 litres is the minimum fuel required.</p> <p>Pay attention to temperatures in a question like this, in a real test you might not be given a temperature in which you might not assume a pressure height. For example if you are “planning” a flight two weeks in advance, you might not know the actual temperature at that height, so you would go off just 115 knots, then again you wouldn’t know if you were also getting a tail wind! More than likely, if you required a pressure height a temperature will be given. 20°C at 5500 feet makes a big difference compared to 5°C!</p>
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Question 2 of 10
2. Question
1 pointsIgnore climb and descent calculations with no weight and balance considerations.
You are planning to conduct a private flight to collect your friend 60NM on a planned track of 090°. You are then going to continue further east for another 40NM to overfly a waterfall, where you plan to take pictures for 30 minutes before returning back home.
The wind on the ATIS is 270/15
Taxi allowance is 15 litres and cruise is 36 litres per hour.
Your planned TAS is 115 knots.
Rounding up to the nearest whole number, what is the minimum fuel required? (answer as a number)Correct
<table width="453"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="133"></td> <td width="64">Fuel</td> <td width="64">Minutes</td> <td width="64"></td> <td width="64">Fuel Flow</td> <td width="64">36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cruise</td> <td>63.6</td> <td>106.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Climb</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alt</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sub Total</td> <td>63.6</td> <td>106.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>VR</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>FR</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>30.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hold</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>30.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Taxi</td> <td>15.0</td> <td>25.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fuel Req</td> <td>114.6</td> <td>191.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Incorrect
<table width="453"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="133"></td> <td width="64">Fuel</td> <td width="64">Minutes</td> <td width="64"></td> <td width="64">Fuel Flow</td> <td width="64">36</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cruise</td> <td>63.6</td> <td>106.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Climb</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alt</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sub Total</td> <td>63.6</td> <td>106.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>VR</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>FR</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>30.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hold</td> <td>18.0</td> <td>30.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Taxi</td> <td>15.0</td> <td>25.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fuel Req</td> <td>114.6</td> <td>191.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
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Question 3 of 10
3. Question
1 pointsHow many minutes of fuel is required as a fixed reserve on a private VFR flight?
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 4 of 10
4. Question
1 pointsOn a private VFR flight, how many minutes of fuel is required as a variable reserve?
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 5 of 10
5. Question
1 pointsYou are conducting a planned private VFR scenic flight for 45 minutes. The aerodrome on return requires holding time of at least 60 minutes. Your aircraft uses 10.5 US Gallons an hour. Less the 10 litres of planned taxi fuel, what is the minimum fuel required in litres? (answer as a number only)
Correct
<table width="453"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="133"></td> <td width="64">Fuel</td> <td width="64">Minutes</td> <td width="64"></td> <td width="64">Fuel Flow</td> <td width="64">40</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cruise</td> <td>30.0</td> <td>45.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Climb</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alt</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sub Total</td> <td>30.0</td> <td>45.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>VR</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>FR</td> <td>20.0</td> <td>30.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hold</td> <td>40.0</td> <td>60.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Taxi</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fuel Req</td> <td>90.0</td> <td>135.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>10.5 (US Gallons an hour) x 3.8 (conversion to litres) is 40 litres per hour.</p> <p>The question also stated taxi fuel wasn’t required in the answer.</p>
Incorrect
<table width="453"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="133"></td> <td width="64">Fuel</td> <td width="64">Minutes</td> <td width="64"></td> <td width="64">Fuel Flow</td> <td width="64">40</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cruise</td> <td>30.0</td> <td>45.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Climb</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alt</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sub Total</td> <td>30.0</td> <td>45.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>VR</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>FR</td> <td>20.0</td> <td>30.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hold</td> <td>40.0</td> <td>60.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Taxi</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fuel Req</td> <td>90.0</td> <td>135.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>10.5 (US Gallons an hour) x 3.8 (conversion to litres) is 40 litres per hour.</p> <p>The question also stated taxi fuel wasn’t required in the answer.</p>
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Question 6 of 10
6. Question
1 pointsYou have completed a check point of a leg on your flight where the figures were exactly on point, you just did 70 NM in 30 minutes and used only 16 litres of fuel. Happy with the time you see the remaining 35NM to go and start planning your arrival. When you filled up you also made an allowance of 5 litres of fuel for taxi. How much fuel did you require to have on board at start-up? (answer as a number only)
Correct
<table width="453"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="133"></td> <td width="64">Fuel</td> <td width="64">Minutes</td> <td width="64"></td> <td width="64">Fuel Flow</td> <td width="64">32</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cruise</td> <td>24.0</td> <td>45.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Climb</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alt</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sub Total</td> <td>24.0</td> <td>45.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>VR</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>FR</td> <td>16.0</td> <td>30.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hold</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Taxi</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>9.4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fuel Req</td> <td>45.0</td> <td>84.4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Your GS was 140 knots and fuel flow 32 litres per hour</p>
Incorrect
<table width="453"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="133"></td> <td width="64">Fuel</td> <td width="64">Minutes</td> <td width="64"></td> <td width="64">Fuel Flow</td> <td width="64">32</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Cruise</td> <td>24.0</td> <td>45.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Climb</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Alt</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sub Total</td> <td>24.0</td> <td>45.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>VR</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>FR</td> <td>16.0</td> <td>30.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hold</td> <td>0.0</td> <td>0.0</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Taxi</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>9.4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fuel Req</td> <td>45.0</td> <td>84.4</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Your GS was 140 knots and fuel flow 32 litres per hour</p>
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Question 7 of 10
7. Question
1 pointsYou’re planning a VFR flight from Darwin to a small homestead 140NM away at 0300Z, track is 265°M and today’s forecast wind from Naips is:
DARWIN (YPDN)
TAF AMD YPDN 011033Z 0110/0212
30006KT CAVOK
FM020300 30720KT 9999 FEW040
FM021000 27706KT 9999 FEW020
RMK
T 30 30 28 27 Q 1007 1009 1007 1006The TAS of the aircraft is 115 knots. You have also made an allowance to carry 10 litres to taxi the aircraft and it uses, once leaned, 30 litres per hour. Fuel is available at the arrival location and because you wish to carry a mixture of food and repair equipment you plan to carry the least amount of fuel possible.
What is the minimum fuel you can carry in litres? (answer only as a number)
Correct
Darwin magnetic variation is 3°E. The wind on the forecast is True so -3 from 307 is 305°.
The difference between the M° wind and FPT (265°M) is 40°. Converting from the ERSA, the headwind component (40° at 20 knots) is 15 knots, so we need to subtract that from our TAS of 115 knots to a GS of 100 knots. So 140NM at 100 knots is 84 minutes.Fuel Minutes Fuel Flow 30 Cruise 42.0 84.0 Climb 0.0 0.0 Alt 0.0 0.0 Sub Total 42.0 84.0 VR 0.0 0.0 FR 15.0 30.0 Hold 0.0 0.0 Taxi 10.0 20.0 Fuel Req 67.0 134.0 Incorrect
Darwin magnetic variation is 3°E. The wind on the forecast is True so -3 from 307 is 305°.
The difference between the M° wind and FPT (265°M) is 40°. Converting from the ERSA, the headwind component (40° at 20 knots) is 15 knots, so we need to subtract that from our TAS of 115 knots to a GS of 100 knots. So 140NM at 100 knots is 84 minutes.Fuel Minutes Fuel Flow 30 Cruise 42.0 84.0 Climb 0.0 0.0 Alt 0.0 0.0 Sub Total 42.0 84.0 VR 0.0 0.0 FR 15.0 30.0 Hold 0.0 0.0 Taxi 10.0 20.0 Fuel Req 67.0 134.0 -
Question 8 of 10
8. Question
1 pointsCompared to a charter flight, a private VFR flight doesn’t legally require a variable reserve?
Correct
Incorrect
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Question 9 of 10
9. Question
1 pointsYou are not allowed to include a variable reserve for a private VFR flight.
Correct
In an PPL exam (for a VFR / non instrument flight, unless they have stated otherwise you don’t plan for it, however in real life most people would say it is still highly recommended!
Incorrect
In an PPL exam (for a VFR / non instrument flight, unless they have stated otherwise you don’t plan for it, however in real life most people would say it is still highly recommended!
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Question 10 of 10
10. Question
1 pointsYou are planning for a private VFR navigation flight today as part of your PPL training. The school requires a 15% variable reserve as part of the fuel planning. The legs are as follows.
A to B 65NM
B to C 70NM
C to D 140NM
D to E 50NMThe aircraft TAS is 120 knots.
Taxi allowance is 20 litres.
Fuel flow is 30 litres per hour.
There are 3 passengers including yourself.
What is the minimum allowed fuel for this flight?Correct
A to B 60NM = 30 minutes
B to C 70NM = 35 minutes
C to D 140NM = 70 minutes
D to E 50NM = 25 minutesFuel Minutes Fuel Flow 30 Cruise 80.0 160.0 Climb 0.0 0.0 Alt 0.0 0.0 Sub Total 80.0 160.0 VR 12.0 24.0 FR 15.0 40.0 Hold 0.0 0.0 Taxi 20.0 40.0 Fuel Req 127.0 264.0 Incorrect
A to B 60NM = 30 minutes
B to C 70NM = 35 minutes
C to D 140NM = 70 minutes
D to E 50NM = 25 minutesFuel Minutes Fuel Flow 30 Cruise 80.0 160.0 Climb 0.0 0.0 Alt 0.0 0.0 Sub Total 80.0 160.0 VR 12.0 24.0 FR 15.0 40.0 Hold 0.0 0.0 Taxi 20.0 40.0 Fuel Req 127.0 264.0